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1939 New York World's Fair

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1939 New York City
Poster by Joseph Binder
Overview
BIE-classUniversal exposition
CategorySecond category General Exposition
NameNew York World's Fair
MottoThe World of Tomorrow
Area1,202 acres (486 hectares)
Organized byGrover Whalen
Participant(s)
Countries33
Location
CountryUnited States
CityNew York City
VenueFlushing Meadows–Corona Park
Coordinates40°44′39″N 73°50′40″W / 40.74417°N 73.84444°W / 40.74417; -73.84444
Timeline
OpeningApril 30, 1939 (1939-04-30)[1]
ClosureOctober 27, 1940 (1940-10-27)
Universal expositions
PreviousExposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne in Paris
NextExposition internationale du bicentenaire de Port-au-Prince in Port-au-Prince
Specialized Expositions
PreviousSecond International Aeronautic Exhibition (1938) in Helsinki
NextInternational Exhibition on Urbanism and Housing (1947) in Paris
Simultaneous
UniversalGolden Gate International Exposition
SpecializedExposition internationale de l'eau in Liège

The 1939–1940 New York World's Fair was a world's fair at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City, United States. It was the second-most expensive American world's fair of all time, behind the St. Louis Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904. Many countries around the world participated, and more than 44 million people attended over two seasons.[2] It was based on the future, with an opening slogan of "Dawn of a New Day", and it allowed all visitors to take a look at "the world of tomorrow".

Plans for the 1939 World's Fair were first announced in September 1935, and construction of the fairground began in June 1936. The fair opened on April 30, 1939, coinciding with the 150th anniversary of the first inauguration of George Washington. When World War II began four months into the 1939 World's Fair, many exhibits were affected, especially those on display in the pavilions of countries under Axis occupation. After the close of the fair in 1940, many exhibits were demolished or removed, though some buildings were retained for the 1964 New York World's Fair at the same site.

Development

[edit]

New York City had hosted the United States' first world's fair, the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, in 1853–1854.[3] At the time, the site of the 1939 World's Fair, Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, was a natural wetland straddling the Flushing River.[4] Flushing Meadows became the Corona Ash Dumps in the early 20th century.[5] New York City Parks Commissioner Robert Moses first conceived the idea of developing a large park in Flushing Meadows in the 1920s.[6] Although the neighborhoods around Flushing Meadows contained residential developments, the meadow itself remained undeveloped and isolated.[7]

Planning

[edit]

As early as May 1935, a group led by the municipal reformer George McAneny had considered hosting an international exposition in New York City in 1939, coinciding with the 150th anniversary of George Washington's first inauguration.[8] That September, the group announced plans to spend $40 million to host an exhibition at the 1,003-acre (406 ha) Flushing Meadows site.[9] The New York City Board of Estimate approved the use of Flushing Meadows as a fairground on September 23,[10] and Moses directed municipal draftsmen to survey the site.[11] The Flushing Meadows site had been selected because of its large size and central location,[12] and the city already owned 586 acres (237 ha) nearby.[13] Mayor Fiorello La Guardia pledged financial support for the fair that October;[14] at the time, Moses estimated that it would cost $5–7 million to prepare the fairground and build transit to the fair.[15] The New York World's Fair Corporation (WFC) was formed to oversee the exposition on October 22, 1935,[16] and the Board of Estimate allocated $200,000 the next day for preliminary work.[17] The WFC elected McAneny as its president at its first meeting in November,[18] and two contractors were hired the following month to conduct preliminary surveys.[19]

Before the end of 1935, several foreign exhibitors had expressed interest in the fair.[20] There were also plans for exhibition spaces such as a fine arts building[21] and a cosmetics show.[22] In addition, the Fine Arts Federation of the City of New York urged the WFC to implement a "unified arts scheme" for the fair,[23] and the WFC and the New York City Board of Transportation devised plans for public transit lines to the fair.[24] In January 1936, state lawmaker Herbert Brownell Jr. proposed a bill to allow the city government to formally lease the Flushing Meadows site to the WFC.[25] Moses warned that the fairground's completion could be delayed due to funding issues; by then, the fair was estimated to cost $45 million.[26][27] That February, McAneny announced that he would organize a committee to devise an architectural plan for the fairground.[28] Brownell requested funding from New York governor Herbert Lehman the same month for "basic World's Fair improvements";[29] the city and state governments were each supposed to spend $5 million on site preparations.[30] The project remained stalled during early 1936 because of disagreements over the fair's location and financing.[30][31] There were also competing proposals to relocate the fair to Marine Park in Brooklyn.[31][32] but the New York State Legislature ultimately voted in April to allow the city to lease out Flushing Meadows.[33]

Grover Whalen replaced McAneny as the WFC's chairman in April 1936;[34] he would later be elected as the agency's full-time president as well.[35] At the end of the month, the city government announced plans to sell $7 million in bonds, while the state pledged $4.125 million for the project.[36] In addition, the WFC was to sell $20 million worth of bonds.[13] J. Franklin Bell was hired to draw up preliminary plans for the fair,[37] and the WFC appointed a committee of seven men[a] that May to devise a plan for the fairground.[38] The New York City Board of Estimate appropriated $308,020 to begin landscaping the site the same month,[39] and city officials acquired another 372 acres (151 ha) through eminent domain.[40] The WFC dedicated the fairground site on June 4, 1936,[41] shortly before the city finalized its lease of Flushing Meadows to the WFC in June 1936.[42]

Construction

[edit]

Work on the World's Fair site began on June 16, 1936,[43] and a groundbreaking ceremony for the fairground took place on June 29.[44] The WFC established seven departments and thirteen committees to coordinate the fair's development.[13] Initially, the fair was to employ 35,000 people.[45] There was controversy in 1937 when the Municipal Civil Service Commission accused the WFC of patronage, claiming that Whalen had hired hundreds of World's Fair employees from outside the city's civil service lists.[46] To promote the fair, the WFC established advisory committees with members from every U.S. state.[47] Several baseball teams wore patches promoting the fair during the 1938 Major League Baseball season,[48] while the businessman Howard Hughes named an airplane after the fair and flew it around the world in 1938.[49] Helen Huntington Hull led a women's committee that helped promote and develop the fair.[50] New York license plates from 1938 were supposed to have slogans advertising the fair,[51] but a city judge deemed the slogans unconstitutional.[52]

The construction of the fairground primarily involved leveling the ash mounds; excavating Meadow and Willow lakes; and diverting much of the Flushing River into underground culverts.[53][54][55] The dirt from the lake sites was used as additional topsoil for the park.[56] The project was an around-the-clock job, with 450 workers operating on three eight-hour shifts.[57] The rebuilt landscape was to be retained after the fair.[58][59]

1936 and 1937

[edit]
Souvenir booklet

The WFC's board of design reviewed several proposed master plans for the site,[60] and the corporation had relocated the last occupants of the fairground site by August 1936.[61] The WFC launched a design competition for several fairground pavilions that September[62] and selected several winning designs two months later.[63] Before the final master plan was revealed, Whalen said the fair would likely be dedicated to the past, present, and future.[64] The WFC announced details of the fair's master plan that October, which called for a $125 million exposition themed to "the world of tomorrow".[65][66] The city, state, and federal governments would spend $35 million; the WFC was to spend $30 million; and the remaining funds would come from individual exhibitors.[67] There were to be ten themed zones, an amusement area, a central tower with paths radiating away from it, and extensive public-transit improvements.[66] Construction contracts for the fairground's first building were signed later the same month,[68] and the WFC also selected an official seal.[69] At that point, only a small number of fairground buildings had been approved.[45]

In November 1936, France became the first nation to announce its participation,[70] and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt urged other nations to join the fair.[71] The city government also began selling bonds for the fair that month;[72] by then, several nations and hundreds of businesses had expressed interest in the fair.[73] That December, the International Convention Bureau endorsed the 1939 World's Fair, allowing the bureau's 21 member countries to host exhibits there,[74] and Lehman also sent invitations to the governors of all the other U.S. states.[75] By the beginning of 1937, eleven hundred concessionaires had applied for a concession at the fair,[76] and nine buildings were under construction.[77] The WFC unveiled a model of the fairground at its Empire State Building headquarters that March.[78] Workers had finished grading and filling the World's Fair site by April,[79] and they began planting trees on the fairground.[80] That month, AT&T became the first company to lease a pavilion at the fair,[81][82] and work officially began on the first building, the administration structure.[83] In addition, the WFC began auctioning off the fairground's concession spaces.[84] Workers also began planting trees in early 1937.[85]

Whalen predicted in mid-1937 that the fair would attract 59 nations.[86] He announced plans in June7 for a 280-acre (110 ha) amusement zone at the south end of the fairground,[87] and Moses proposed adding a trailer parking lot and a community interests zone.[88] Work on the first non-commercial pavilion, the Temple of Peace, began in July.[89] The fairground's first structure, the administration building, was completed by the next month.[90] At the time, 89 buildings were under construction,[91] and 86% of the fairground sites had been leased.[91][92] Utah became the first U.S. state to lease space in the fair's Hall of States that September,[93] while Missouri was the first state to lease space for a standalone building.[94] Whalen also traveled to Europe to invite European countries to the fair.[95] The WFC reported in October that 62 construction contracts had been finished and that another 63 were in progress.[96] Various fairground buildings were rapidly being developed, along with the Trylon and Perisphere, the fair's icons.[97][98] That December, the Ford Motor Company became the first automobile manufacturer to lease space at the fair;[99] by then, the WFC had received commitments from 60 nations.[100]

1938 and 1939

[edit]

Whalen had begun planning the fair's opening ceremony by early 1938; he wanted to invite 50,000 soldiers to march at the ceremony.[101] Whalen also planned to have 100 buildings under construction by the end of April, employing 10,000 workers.[102] Work on the Perisphere, the fair's theme building, began in April.[103] The same month, the last available space in the fair's Government Zone was leased to the nations of Ireland, Lithuania, Sweden, and Venezuela.[104] The delivery of materials for the fair faced a delay in 1938 when it was temporarily halted during the New York City truckers strike.[105]

The fair had attracted 1,300 industrial exhibitors and 70 concessionaires at the beginning of 1939.[106] In addition, 62 nations and 35 U.S. states or territories had leased space at the fair;[106] their flags were flown atop a hill on the fairground.[107] A thousand retailers in the New York metropolitan area offered tickets to the fair before it officially opened.[108] In March 1939, a month and a half before the fair's official opening, Whalen announced plans to spend $1 million on shows and miniature villages in the Amusement Area.[109]

Operation

[edit]

The fairground ultimately cost $156 million to complete. On opening day, the fairground had 200 buildings, and Whalen anticipated that 60 million people would visit the fair.[110] RCA and NBC agreed to host television demonstrations at the World's Fair,[111][112] and five major newsreel companies were hired to provide newsreel coverage of the fair.[113] The Crosley Corporation and WNYC both had radio broadcasting studios at the fair as well.[114] Sporting events throughout the New York City area were also planned in conjunction with the World's Fair.[115] Whalen agreed to hire only union laborers to install exhibits on the fairground; in exchange, several trade unions had agreed to buy the WFC's bonds.[116]

1939 season

[edit]

Opening

[edit]
Ford pavilion
RCA Exhibit Building

On April 30, 1939, the fair had its grand opening.[117][118] The date was chosen because it was exactly 150 years after Washington's first inauguration.[119] Although many of the pavilions and other facilities were not quite ready for this opening, it was put on with pomp and great celebration.[120] Plans for the United States Navy Fleet to visit New York City for the opening of the fair following maneuvers in the Caribbean were canceled, however, due to aggressive moves being made by Japan in the South China Sea, and the fleet instead transferred to the Pacific via the Panama Canal in April.[121] President Roosevelt's speech was not only broadcast over the various radio networks but also was televised along with other parts of the opening ceremony and other events at the fair.[122] The fair received 600,000 visitors on its first day, far short of the 1 million visitors that the WFC had predicted.[117]

Post-opening

[edit]

At the time of the fair's opening, many major attractions in the Amusement Area were incomplete.[123][124] In May 1939, the WFC began allowing visitors under the age of 14 to pay a 10-cent admission fee one day a week, rather than the standard admission fee of 75 cents.[125] At La Guardia's behest,[126] the New York City Board of Education operated a guided-tour program in which school classes could visit the fair without paying admission.[127] Concessionaires in the Amusement Area also asked the WFC to consider offering reduced-price tickets after 9 p.m.[128] Additionally, the WFC opened more restaurants after visitors complained that the existing restaurants were too expensive.[129]

Within a month of the fair's opening, several exhibitors had alleged that labor unions had charged exorbitant prices for labor at the fair.[116][130] At least one exhibitor, the government of Nevada, canceled their exhibit due to high labor-union costs.[131] To entice more children to visit, in June 1939, all of the fairground's amusement-ride operators agreed to lower the prices of each ride to 5 cents one day a week.[132] The WFC also trialed a $1 combination tickets that July, which included a snack and admission to multiple rides.[133] At the end of July, the WFC considered reducing admission prices in response to requests from exhibitors and concessionaires.[134] The WFC also began selling $3.75 "bargain books" with 10 food vouchers and 5 admission tickets apiece.[135]

The Carrier Corporation was the first industrial exhibitor to renew its lease for the 1940 season, having signed a lease in September 1939.[136] Due to the onset of World War II, Southern Rhodesia became the first exhibitor to completely shutter its pavilion in September 1939, while other exhibitors curtailed their operations.[137] The Romanian pavilion's restaurant also closed due to the war.[138] Toward the end of the 1939 season, the WFC agreed to halve the rents for U.S. state pavilions during the second season.[139] The fair's first season ended on October 31, 1939; the WFC had recorded 25.8 million visitors during the season.[140]

Off-season

[edit]

After the 1939 season ended, most of the commercial exhibitors agreed to continue hosting exhibits for the 1940 season. However, many exhibitors indicated that they would enlarge or modify their exhibits.[141] For the 1940 season, the WFC raised admission prices to 50 cents, and the agency indicated that it would renovate the Amusement Areas.[142]

For the 1940 season, the international area included exhibits from 43 countries, plus the Pan-American Union and League of Nations.[143] In January 1940, Finland became the first country to agree to reopen its pavilion during the fair's second season,[144] while West Virginia was the first U.S. state to lease additional space.[145] Eleven nations, several of which had been invaded during World War II, did not return to the fair.[143] For example, Sweden closed its pavilion at the end of the 1939 season.[146] The Soviet pavilion was dismantled in December 1939[147] and was replaced by the American Common.[148] Other countries to announce their withdrawals included Albania, Argentina, Chile, Denmark, the Netherlands, Yugoslavia.[149] and Turkey.[150]

The Amusement Area was rebranded as the "Great White Way", a reference to Broadway theatre,[151][152] and the WFC closed off a little-used portion of the Amusement Area.[153] Several exhibits were also added, including four exhibits sponsored by different U.S. governmental departments.[152] Other pavilions had to be repaired due to deterioration during the winter.[154] By the end of April 1940, the fair's amusement director George P. Smith Jr. had announced that all of the concessions and rides in the Amusement Area had been leased out.[153]

1940 season

[edit]

The World's Fair reopened for its second season on May 11, 1940;[155] it recorded 191,000 visitors on that day.[156] To entice people to attend the fair, several local business groups and hotels sponsored a contest in which they randomly gave away 170 automobiles to visitors.[157] Venezuela and Cuba withdrew after the 1940 season had begun, although a Chinese pavilion was added during that time.[158] The Belgian pavilion was closed briefly during the 1940 season but reopened after the Belgian government-in-exile agreed to maintain the pavilion.[159] On July 4, 1940, two New York City Police Department officers were killed by a blast while investigating a time bomb left at the British pavilion;[160] the bombing has never been solved, but a British agent named William Stephenson is suspected of having left the bomb.[161]

The fair was experiencing financial troubles by August 1940, when the WFC's bondholders agreed to waive $14.5 million that the WFC owed.[162] By the beginning of October 1940, the WFC had come up with detailed plans for clearing 385 buildings on the site. The area around the Trylon and Perisphere was to be demolished first, and the Amusement Area would be destroyed last.[163] The fair closed permanently on October 27, 1940.[164] having received over 530,000 visitors on its final day.[165]

  • 1939 World's Fair ephemera
  • This 1940 general admission ticket also included visits to "5 concessions" (listed on backside)
    This 1940 general admission ticket also included visits to "5 concessions" (listed on backside)
  • Ticket backside
    Ticket backside
  • Trylon and Perisphere on 1939 US stamp
    Trylon and Perisphere on 1939 US stamp

Fairground

[edit]
Map showing exhibit locations and transportation access

The fairground was divided into seven geographic or thematic zones, five of which had "focal exhibits", as well as two focal exhibits housed in their own buildings.[166] The plan called for numerous wide tree-lined pathways converging on the Trylon and Perisphere, the fair's primary theme center.[56] Some of the streets in the fairground were named after notable thoroughfares or historical figures, while others were named based on their function.[167] A central mall was planned as part of the fairground, running between the Grand Central Parkway to the west and Lawrence Street in Flushing to the east.[168] The zones around the Trylon and Perisphere were all color-coded.[169]

The fairground used up to 400,000 cubic yards (310,000 m3) of topsoil from the New York City area, as well as salty, acidic soil dredged from the bottom of Flushing Meadows Park's lagoons.[85] Around 10,000 trees were transplanted to the fairground,[85][170] and thousands of Douglas fir timbers were driven into the ground to act as pilings for the fair structures.[171] The fairground included 250 acres (100 ha) of lawns, in addition to a wide range of topiary and deciduous trees.[172] The fairground did not have evergreen trees because it was not open during the winter, and the WFC also did not procure rare plants.[173]

Attractions

[edit]

The WFC subleased the land to exhibitors, charging different rates based on the sites' proximity to major paths.[82] Because the fairground was built atop swampy land that extended 60 to 80 feet (18 to 24 m) deep, many of the largest buildings had to be placed on steel-and-concrete decks, pilings, or caissons.[174] The fairground was largely illuminated by 30 miles (48 km) of fluorescent lighting tubes, though some attractions used mercury lamps or pylons with fluorescent lamps.[175] For the most part, the pavilions did not have windows, and the exhibit spaces neither used indirect lighting nor were illuminated by sunlight.[176]

Zones

[edit]

The Theme Center included the Trylon and Perisphere, both designed by Wallace Harrison and Max Abramovitz.[177] The Trylon was a tower measuring over 700 feet (210 m) tall, while the Perisphere was a sphere 200 feet (61 m) across.[178] Fairgoers walking to the north of the Theme Center on the Avenue of Patriots would encounter the Communications and Business Systems exhibits. The focal point of this area was the Communications Building, a large structure with a pair of 160-foot-high (49 m) pylons flanking it.[179][180]

The Community Interest Zone was located just east of the Communications & Business Systems Zone.[181] The region's exhibits showcased several trades or industries that were popular among the public at the time, such as home furnishings, plumbing, contemporary art, cosmetics, gardens, the gas industry, fashion, jewelry, and religion.[182]

The Government Zone was located at the east end of the fair, on the eastern bank of the Flushing River. It contained a centrally located Court of Peace, a Lagoon of Nations, and a smaller Court of States.[183] Nations could build their own pavilions or lease space in the Hall of Nations; some nations chose to do both.[184] Nazi Germany was the only major country that did not have any exhibits at the fair.[185][186][187] The fair also included pavilions for 25 U.S. states and Puerto Rico; most of these pavilions were located around the Court of States, which had a lagoon.[188][189] Many of the state pavilions replicated notable buildings or architectural styles in each state.[190]

Southwest of the Government Zone was the Food Zone, composed of 13 buildings in total (the Swedish and Turkish pavilions were physically within the Food Zone but were classified as being part of the Government Zone[191]). Its focal exhibit was Food No. 3, a rhomboidal structure with four shafts representing wheat stalks.[192][193]

The Production and Distribution Zone was dedicated to showcasing industries that specialized in manufacturing and distribution.[194][195] The focal exhibit was the Consumers Building (also the Consumer Interests Building),[196] a L-shaped structure illustrated with murals by Francis Scott Bradford.[197] Numerous individual companies hosted exhibitions in this region. There were also pavilions dedicated to a generic industry, such as electrical products, industrial science, pharmaceuticals, metals, and men's apparel.[198]

The Transportation Zone was located west of the Theme Center, across the Grand Central Parkway.[199] The focal exhibit of the Transportation Zone was a Chrysler exhibit group.[200] Though the New York City Building was physically within the Transportation Zone, it was classified as part of the Government Zone.[201] The Amusement Area was located south of the World's Fair Boulevard, along 230 acres (93 ha) on the east shore of Fountain Lake.[202][109] Unlike traditional fairgrounds, the Amusement Area at the 1939 Fair had no midway; instead, the fairground was divided into more than a dozen themed zones.[98][203] The Amusement Area contained numerous bars, restaurants, miniature villages, musical programs, dance floors, rides, and arcade attractions.[204][109] In general, the site was shaped like a horseshoe. The western shore of Fountain Lake contained Florida's pavilion and a military camp attraction, while rides and concessions were mostly grouped around the eastern side of Fountain Lake.[109]

Standalone exhibits and structures

[edit]

There were two focal exhibits that were not located within any zone. The first was the Medical and Public Health Building on Constitution Mall and the Avenue of Patriots (immediately northeast of the Theme Center).[205] The other was the Science and Education Building, just north of the Medical and Public Health Building.[206] At the west end of the fairground was the administration building.[90]

Transportation

[edit]
The Willets Point station on the Flushing Line
The Willets Point station on the Flushing Line was rebuilt for the fair.[207]

Whalen predicted in late 1936 that these lines needed to be able to handle as many as 800,000 visitors per day, though he predicted an average of 250,000 daily visitors. As such, several public transit lines were built or upgraded to serve the fair.[208] A special subway line, the Independent Subway System's (IND) World's Fair Line, was built to serve the fair.[209] The World's Fair Line, a spur of the IND Queens Boulevard Line,[210] was dismantled after the fair ended.[211] The Willets Point station on the Flushing Line was rebuilt to handle fair traffic on the Interborough Rapid Transit (IRT) and Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit (BMT) systems.[212][207] A special fleet of 50 World's Fair Lo-V subway cars were built,[213] and the existing Q-type Queens subway cars were rebuilt to provide additional service on the Flushing Line.[214] A Long Island Rail Road station (now Mets–Willets Point) was built next to the Flushing Line station.[212] In addition, Queens-Nassau Transit Lines bought 55 buses to provide service to the fair.[215]

There were also several modes of transit traveling around the fairground itself. Exposition Greyhound Lines operated a fleet of one hundred 120-passenger buses that traveled around the fairground, connecting with each of the fairground's entrances.[216][217] The original plan called for two bus routes, though this was expanded to seven routes soon after the fair opened.[218] There were also tractor trains that traveled along the fairground's paths, as well as tour buses that gave one-hour-long tours of the fair. In addition, visitors could rent one of 500 rolling chairs, each of which had space for one or two people.[216][217] Boats also traveled around Fountain Lake (now Meadow Lake), stopping at seven piers.[217] For a fee, visitors could ride a 40-passenger motorboat across Meadow Lake to the Florida pavilion.[219]

Several highway and road improvements were planned in advance of the World's Fair.[220] For example, Horace Harding Boulevard was completed in 1937 to connect the fair with Queens Boulevard,[221] and the Bronx–Whitestone Bridge and Whitestone Expressway were opened in early 1939, connecting with the Bronx.[222] The Grand Central Parkway was also extended to serve the fairground,[223] and Queens Boulevard was widened and paved.[224] The construction of the Queens–Midtown Tunnel was also expedited for the fair,[225] though the tunnel did not open until 1940.[226] Maps also touted the fairground's proximity to five airports and seaplane bases.[227][b] During the fair, the Civil Aeronautics Authority temporarily banned most planes from flying over the fairground, except for planes taking off or arriving at the nearby airports.[228]

Culture

[edit]

Themes

[edit]

As announced in 1936, the fair was themed to "the world of tomorrow".[65][66] The colors blue and orange were chosen as the official colors of the fair, as they were the colors of New York City.[229] Each day at the fair was a special theme day, for which a special button was issued.[230] The fair's official seal depicted the Statue of Liberty with her torch. The seal was available in multiple color schemes, such as an orange-and-blue scheme and a white-and-silver scheme.[69] The fair's official flag was originally a triband with a blue bar flanked by orange bars; there was a white seal in the center of the blue bar.[231]

Another theme of the fair was the emerging new middle class, leading a hoped-for recovery from the Great Depression. The Westinghouse Electric Corporation produced the film The Middleton Family at the New York World's Fair, which depicted a fictional Midwestern family, the Middleton family, taking in the sights of the fair.[232] Westinghouse also featured Elektro the Moto-Man, a robot that talked, differentiated colors, and smoked cigarettes.[233]

Music

[edit]

The WFC established a music advisory committee for the fair in 1937, which was led by the conductor Allen Wardwell.[234] The music advisory committee had proposed a music festival with performances at the fairground itself, Carnegie Hall, and the Metropolitan Opera House.[235]

Olin Downes, the general director of the World's Fair music department, selected Hugh Ross to organize recitals and concerts at the Temple of Religion.[236] Ralph Vaughan Williams composed his work for harp and string orchestra Five Variants of Dives and Lazarus on commission from the World's Fair, which was first performed at Carnegie Hall in 1939.[237] In addition, the British Council commissioned a piano concerto from Arthur Bliss for the British Week at the World's Fair. Adrian Boult conducted the New York Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra in Carnegie Hall in 1939 with Solomon as the soloist.[238]

Visual art and sculpture

[edit]

From the outset, the fairground was planned to include murals, sculptures, and colorful decorations.[239] Whalen, who was determined that the fair should "not represent the work of any one person or school", employed 181 visual artists, designers, and architects.[240] Whalen also agreed to include a community art center after observers criticized the fair's lack of formal art galleries.[241]

Many of the buildings' facades were decorated with murals, commissioned by both the WFC and individual exhibitors.[242][243] By late 1938, the WFC had commissioned 102 murals for the fair, which measured as large as 250 by 60 feet (76 by 18 m). The murals were executed in a variety of materials, such as metal strips, mosaic tiles, and paint. The WFC's board of design approved murals based on how well they harmonized with the surrounding buildings; for example, murals near the theme center were designed in muted colors, while murals on modern-style buildings were more colorful.[243] The New York Times called it "the largest program of exterior mural painting ever undertaken",[243] while the New York Herald Tribune said that "never before has mural decoration been attempted on so large or lively a scale".[243] Works Progress Administration artists painted murals for the fair as well.[244]

Thirty-six sculptors created more than 60 sculptures for the fair.[245] The largest statue at the fair was James Earle Fraser's 65-foot-tall (20 m) sculpture of George Washington,[245] which stood in the middle of the fair's Constitution Mall.[246] The Times credited Lee Lawrie—who oversaw the installation of the fair's artwork—with describing the sculptures as "an essential part of the fair".[245] Three of the sculptures were intended to be preserved after the fair: Robert Foster's Textile, Lawrence Tenney Stevens's The Tree of Life, and Waylande Gregory's Fountain of the Atom.[245] Textile depicted an abstract sheet-steel figure,[247] and The Tree of Life was carved out of a 60-foot-tall (18 m) elm tree.[248] Gregory's artwork consisted of four small ceramic figures surrounding four larger figures.[249] Various temporary sculptures, many of which were made of plaster, were placed on buildings.[245]

Consumer products and food

[edit]

Whalen saw the fair as an opportunity for corporations to present consumer products, rather than as an exercise in presenting science and the scientific way of thinking in its own right.[250] For example, the IBM exhibit displayed the Radiotype writing machine, and RCA displayed various types of machinery in a "television laboratory".[251] Nylon fabric, the View-Master, and Scentovision (an early version of Smell-O-Vision) were introduced at the Fair. Other exhibits included Vermeer's painting The Milkmaid from the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam,[252] a streamlined pencil sharpener, a diner (still in operation as the White Mana in Jersey City, New Jersey), a futuristic car-based city by General Motors, the first fully constructed computer game, and early televisions.[253] Bell Labs' Voder, a keyboard-operated speech synthesizer, was demonstrated at the fair.[254]

Cuisine from 24 participating countries was served at the fair.[255] These included caviar in the Romanian and Polish pavilions; borscht, blini, and pelmeni from the Soviet pavilion; soufflés from the French pavilion; smorgasbords from the Swedish pavilion; and kebabs and honey desserts from the Albanian pavilion.[255][256] A New York Times article from 1964 characterized bicarbonate of soda as the 1939 fair's most popular soda.[257] There were at least 40 restaurants with a combined 23,000 seats, in addition to 261 refreshment stands.[256] Childs Restaurants alone had around 80 hotdog stands throughout the fair.[124]

Special events

[edit]

The fair coincided with the 1st World Science Fiction Convention,[258][259] which took place at the Caravan Hall in Manhattan on July 2–4, 1939.[260]

On July 3, 1940, the fair hosted "Superman Day".[261][262] The event included an athletic contest with a "Super-Boy and Super-Girl of the Day", as well as a public appearance by an actor portraying Superman.[262] Broadway actor Ray Middleton, who served as a judge for the contest, is often credited with having appeared in the Superman costume on Superman Day, but this is disputed.[263]

Post-closure

[edit]
World's Fair exhibit Duchess of Hamilton, now preserved in York, England

The fair attracted over 45 million visitors[264] and ultimately recouped only 32% of its original cost.[265][266] Following the fair, the vast majority of structures were dismantled or moved.[267] Within a month, many of the structures had been demolished, and workers were restoring the landscape.[268] The Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) retroactively recognized the 1939 World's Fair as an official World Expo, even though the BIE's rules specified that official Expos could run only for one year.[269]

World War II

[edit]

World War II presented additional problems with what to do with the exhibits on display in the pavilions of countries under Axis occupation. Several countries in German-occupied Europe donated or lent their World's Fair exhibits to institutions across the United States.[270] In the case of the Polish Pavilion, most of the items were sold by the Polish Government in exile in London to the Polish Museum of America and shipped to Chicago. A notable exception was made for a monument of the Polish–Lithuanian King Jagiełło. which was reinstalled in Central Park.[271] A copy of the Magna Carta, displayed at the British Pavilion during the 1939 season, remained in Fort Knox during the war.[272]

When the fair closed, many among the European staff were unable to return to their home countries.[273][274] An estimated 400 workers were unable to return to their home countries because of the war, prompting U.S. representative John J. Delaney to introduce legislation in October 1940, allowing these workers to remain in the U.S.[275] The French pavilion gave rise to three French restaurants—La Caravelle, Le Pavillon, and La Côte Basque.[276]

Relocated attractions

[edit]

Many of the rides from the World's Fair were sold after its closure to Luna Park at Coney Island, which was allowed to call itself the New York World's Fair of 1941.[277] The Life Savers Parachute Jump was sold that same year and relocated to Steeplechase Park in Coney Island, where it was renamed the Parachute Jump.[278]

Belgium Pavilion

Another building saved from 1940 was the Belgian Building designed by Henry Van de Velde. It was awarded to Virginia Union University in Richmond, Virginia, and shipped to Richmond in 1941. The school still uses the building for its home basketball games.[279]

After the Fair, the Temple was again disassembled, and placed in storage for many years. There were proposals to erect it at Oberlin College, Harvard University, Indiana University, and elsewhere, but they all failed for lack of funding. In 1984, the approximately 28,000 pieces were shipped to the Museum of Ethnography in Stockholm, Sweden, with plans to rebuild it in a nearby park, but objections from the neighboring Chinese Embassy have stalled the project indefinitely.[280][281][282]

Park site

[edit]

Seven structures were preserved as part of Flushing Meadows Park: the New York City Building, Aquacade amphitheater, B.F. Goodrich Pavilion, House of Jewels, Masterpieces of Art building, Japanese Pavilion, and Polish Pavilion's tower.[267] The New York City Subway's Mets–Willets Point station, which continued to serve Flushing Meadows Park after the fair,[283] was also renovated the 1964–65 Fair.[284] The Carrier Corporation offered to donate its pavilion to city officials, who declined the offer.[285]

The Japan pavilion was the first building to be preserved in the park, having been dedicated in September 1940, before the fair had officially ended.[286]

The New York City Building of the 1939 fair were used for the first temporary headquarters of the United Nations from 1946 until it moved in 1951 to its permanent headquarters in Manhattan.[287] The former New York City Building was used for the UN General Assembly during that time.[288] This building was later refurbished for the 1964 fair as the New York City Pavilion,[289] featuring the Panorama of the City of New York, an enormous scale model of the entire city.[290] It became the home of the Queens Center for Art and Culture (later renamed the Queens Museum of Art, and now called the Queens Museum) in 1972.[291]

Impact

[edit]

When the fair was being developed, The Washington Post wrote in 1936 that the fair would give New York City a permanent public park, while the "visitors will get an eyeful beyond their fondest imagination and the hotel-keepers will get a pocketful" of money.[7] In 1964, one New York Times writer said the 1939 fair had been envisioned in an era "that had in its calendar no World War II, no Hiroshima, no Korea, no fires in Africa and Asia".[257]

Economic and regional influence

[edit]
Souvenir tie clip owned by the late jazz musician Harry Gozzard

To limit excessive real-estate development around the fairground, city officials requested in early 1936 that the neighborhoods around Flushing Meadows be rezoned as residential areas.[292] The Board of Estimate voted in 1937 to enact zoning restrictions around the fair, which prevented the construction of high-rise buildings around the site and created a buffer zone around the fairground.[293] The same year, the city restricted businesses from operating within 1,000 feet (300 m) of the fairground.[294]

Grover Whalen predicted that the fair would attract 50 million visitors who would spend $1 billion in total.[295] The WFC predicted in 1936 that it would lost $3.9 million if the fair recorded 40 million visitors and that it would earn at least $1 million with 50 million or more visitors.[296] Numerous retailers on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan renovated their buildings in advance of the fair.[297] By May 1939, real-estate figures predicted that the fair would earn between $1 billion and $1.5 billion for the city's economy.[110]

Media and archives

[edit]

An archive of documents and films from the 1939 New York World's Fair is maintained at the New York Public Library.[298] The National Building Museum in Washington, D.C., described the 1939 fair in its exhibition Designing Tomorrow: America's World's Fairs of the 1930s, which ran from October 2010 to September 2011.[299]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The committee was composed of Stephen F. Voorhees, Gilmore D. Clarke, William Delano, Jay N. Downer, Robert D. Kohn, and Walter Dorwin Teague.[38]
  2. ^ Namely Floyd Bennett Field, Flushing Airport, Holmes Airport, North Beach Airport, and Port Washington Seaplane Airport.[227]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "1939 New York World's Fair". www.1939nyworldsfair.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
  2. ^ Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II, p. 58, Random House, New York, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4.
  3. ^ "First World's Fair Opened at London; Crystal Palace Exhibition in 1851 Was a Notable Financial Success". The New York Times. September 23, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  4. ^ "Appendix: The History of Flushing Meadows Corona Park" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. p. 52. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  5. ^ Steinberg 2015, p. 212.
  6. ^ Caro 1974, p. 1083.
  7. ^ a b Renaud, Ralph E. (December 13, 1936). "New York Lays Plans For 1939 World's Fair". The Washington Post. p. B7. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 150752879.
  8. ^ "Huge World's Fair Planned for 1939 On Site at Flushing: McAneny Heads Group to Map 40-Million Celebration of First Inaugural of Washington 1,000-Acre Park Tract Is Proposed Roosevelt, Lehman and LaGuardia Approve It". New York Herald Tribune. September 23, 1935. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1329290149.
  9. ^ "New York Plans 'Greatest' Fair in '39 and '40: Committee of Notables Formed; Site Picked". Chicago Tribune. September 23, 1935. p. 15. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 181674779; "Great World Fair for City in 1939 on Site in Queens; Cost to Be $40,000,000". The New York Times. September 23, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 24, 2024; "World's Fair on Flushing Bay Planned for 1939". Times Union. September 23, 1935. pp. 1, 7. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  10. ^ "City Grants Use Of Flushing Site For World Fair: Estimate Board Speedily Backs Move to Bring 40 Million Project Here". New York Herald Tribune. September 24, 1935. p. 20. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1330222757; "City's Fair Assured of Widespread Aid; Business is Elated; Board of Estimate Votes Full Backing for 1939 Project – Financial Help Likely". The New York Times. September 24, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  11. ^ "Surveying is Begun at World Fair Site; Moses Details Staff to the 1,003-Acre Tract in Queens – May Start Swamp Job". The New York Times. September 25, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
  12. ^ "Site in Flushing Definitely Picked for Exposition". Times Union. March 5, 1936. p. 9. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  13. ^ a b c Bernstein, Victor H. (July 5, 1936). "World's Fair Project in Construction Stage; Though Financing and Planning Have Still to Be Arranged, Workmen Are Preparing the Site". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  14. ^ "Mayor Fledges City's Cash Aid To World's Fair: Wants 1939 Exposition to Stress Re-establishment of Port's Foreign Trade". New York Herald Tribune. October 4, 1935. p. 44. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1223259322; "Mayor to Mobilize All City for Fair; Says He Will Call on Every Business, Art and Scientific Centre for Aid in 1939". The New York Times. October 4, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  15. ^ "$7,000,000 Set As Initial Cost Of World's Fair: That Sum Needed to Put Flushing Site in Shape, Moses Writes McAneny". New York Herald Tribune. October 2, 1935. p. 21. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222258878; "Moses Asks an Early Decision On Site of the 1939 World Fair; If Flushing Area Is to Be Used, He Wants to Coordinate Park and Triborough Bridge Work – Estimates $5,000,000 Will Be Needed for Land and Improvements". The New York Times. October 2, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  16. ^ "World's Fair Sponsors File To Incorporate: Six Directors Designated, but Board Will Later Be Increased to Twenty-one 109 City Leaders Sign Financial Plans Are To Be Adopted at Early Meeting". New York Herald Tribune. October 23, 1935. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243474284; "1939 World's Fair Now a Legal Fact; Court Approves Incorporation Papers With Names of 109 Prominent New Yorkers". The New York Times. October 23, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
  17. ^ "City Officially Approves Fair Site in Flushing: Aels to Acquire Additional Land to House Exhibits". New York Herald Tribune. October 24, 1935. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243760816; "City Votes $200,000 for Early Fair Work: Estimate Board Authorizes the Preparation of Maps of the Flushing Site". The New York Times. October 24, 1935. p. 39. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 101327772.
  18. ^ "World Fair Corporation Elects M'Aneny as Head: Woll's Nominee Is Chosen Unanimously by Directors". New York Herald Tribune. November 21, 1935. p. 23. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222035615; "M'Aneny Elected World's Fair Head; Directors, at First Meeting, Also Make H. D. Gibson Finance Chairman". The New York Times. November 21, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
  19. ^ "Contract Is Let For Survey of World Fair Site: Madigan & Hyland, Under Fire at Relief Inquiry, Gets $90,000 City Job Action Starts Board Clash Mayor, Lyons and Harvey in Warm Argument". New York Herald Tribune. December 7, 1935. p. 12. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1330116412; "Mayor in Flare-up Over World's Fair; Misunderstands a Remark and Threatens to Call It All Off – And Then Cools Down". The New York Times. December 7, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  20. ^ "Fair Stirs Wide Interest; Foreign Groups Make Inquiries for Exhibition Space". The New York Times. November 12, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  21. ^ "World Fair to Aid Arts; 'A Lasting Display of American Architecture' Is Planned". The New York Times. November 19, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  22. ^ "May Have Cosmetics Show At World's Fair". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 51, no. 106. November 27, 1935. p. 27. ProQuest 1654160299.
  23. ^ "Unified Art Scheme Urged in World's Fair; New York Societies Ask That Finest Talent Be Selected to Develop General Layout". The New York Times. December 1, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  24. ^ "Transit Plans Laid for the World's Fair; Bus, Surface Car, Subway, Train and Water Facilities Are to Be Provided". The New York Times. January 9, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  25. ^ "Brownell Offers a Bill For World Fair in City: Albany Measure Provides Leasing of Park Lamb in 1939". New York Herald Tribune. January 3, 1936. p. 4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1330118482; "Bill for World's Fair Offered in Assembly; Measure Allows Leasing of Park Lands and Control of Tourist Camps Near Flushing". The New York Times. January 3, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  26. ^ "World's Fair Not His Affair Moses Asserts: Says Park. Department Is Responsible Only for the Basic Improvements Galls Plan Unimpressive McAneny Sees Flushing Exposition in '39 a Success They Sound a Discordant Note in W. P. A. Theater Project". New York Herald Tribune. January 25, 1936. p. 14. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1267757042.
  27. ^ "Moses Attacks Delay in Fund for Fair Land". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. January 25, 1936. p. 3. Retrieved July 25, 2024; "Moses Again Warns of World Fair Delay; Wants to Know Whether He Shall Prepare Flushing Site for Exposition or a Park". The New York Times. January 25, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  28. ^ "McAneny Tells Women Of World's Fair Art Plans". New York Herald Tribune. February 9, 1936. p. 6A. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1221765583; "Architectural Unity is Stressed for Fair; McAneny Reveals Committee to Coordinate Beauty – Highways to Have Special Lights". The New York Times. February 9, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  29. ^ "Aid of Lehman In World's Fair Project Sought: Asked to Send Delegate to Conference on Plans for Financing '39 Exposition Backers Would Start Job Brownell Letter Cites Need of Funds for Improvements". New York Herald Tribune. February 20, 1936. p. 11. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1237405606; "Appeal to Lehman on Funds for Fair; Brownell, Ives and Moffat Join in Suggesting That He Call a Conference". The New York Times. February 20, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  30. ^ a b "'39 World's Fair Halted as Board Awaits Grants: No Money, No Action, Say Directors, in Effect, Deploring Official Delays". New York Herald Tribune. March 24, 1936. p. 17. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222069230; "New York Fair Board Awaits Public Funds". The Christian Science Monitor. March 24, 1936. p. 3. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 513970700; "Fair Plans Halted by Delay in Grants: Directors of Project Vote to Hold No More Sessions Till State and City Act". The New York Times. March 24, 1936. p. 25. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 101915501. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  31. ^ a b "Political Buck Passing, Lack of Authority Delay N. Y. World Fair". The Billboard. Vol. 48, no. 14. April 4, 1936. pp. 3, 63. ProQuest 1032089018.
  32. ^ "Marine Park is Urged as Ideal Location for Proposed World's Fair". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 29, 1936. pp. 49, 50. Retrieved July 25, 2024; "World Fair Site in Boro is Urged in Albany Debate". Times Union. March 25, 1936. p. 11. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  33. ^ Harrington, John W. (April 5, 1936). "World Fair Plans Pushed at Albany; Legislature Authorizes Lease of Flushing Meadows Park and Weighs State Aid". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  34. ^ "Whalen Appointed Chairman of N.Y. World Fair Group". The Christian Science Monitor. April 23, 1936. p. 3. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514123340; "Whalen at Helm of World's Fair; Elected Chairman of Board – Number of Directors Is Increased From 21 to 35". The New York Times. April 23, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  35. ^ "Whalen Named To Presidency Of World's Fair: Quits as Schenley Chairman to Give Full Time to Preparing 1939 Exposition". New York Herald Tribune. October 9, 1937. p. 29. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243577880; "Whalen Elected World's Fair Head; Becomes President on Full Time Basis-Resigns AH Outside Executive Posts". The New York Times. October 9, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  36. ^ "City Asks Right to Sell World's Fair Bonds". The Wall Street Journal. April 28, 1936. p. 11. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 128892929; "$7,000,000 Is Voted by City for Fair; Action Is Based on Assumption State Will Give $4,125,000 Toward Project". The New York Times. April 28, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024; "$7,000,000 Voted by City for Fair". Times Union. April 28, 1936. p. 3. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  37. ^ "'39 World Fair Begins to Take Shape on Paper: Col. J. F. Bell Draws Up Preliminary Suggestions on Buildings and Layout". New York Herald Tribune. May 3, 1936. p. J1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1352660273.
  38. ^ a b "7 Are Chosen As Designers Of World Fair: Voorhees, Clarke, Delano, Downer, Teagne, Shreve and Kohn Become Board". New York Herald Tribune. May 22, 1936. p. 21. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1237468680; "Board of Design is Named for Fair; S.F. Voorhees Chosen Chairman of Group of 7 Experts to Map and Direct Construction". The New York Times. May 22, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  39. ^ "$308,020 Voted To Begin Work On World's Fair: Estimate Board Assures '39 Opening With Fund Toward Preparing Site". New York Herald Tribune. May 2, 1936. p. 10. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1257818931; "World's Fair Funds Voted by Board; $308,020 Appropriated to Begin Work – Moses's Plans to Fill Swamp Land Approved". The New York Times. May 2, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024; "City and Whalen Join Hands to Speed World Fair Project". Times Union. May 2, 1936. p. 15. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  40. ^ "Condemnation Of World's Fair Land Is Begun: Lockwood Authorization for City Action on 372 Acres Sets Record for Speed". New York Herald Tribune. May 15, 1936. p. 15. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222071615; "Lets New York Condemn Land For World's Fair". The Sun. May 15, 1936. p. 8. ProQuest 540703601.
  41. ^ "World Fair Site Duly Dedicated In Champagne: Whalen Breaks '23 Bottle on Observation Tower in Presence of Directors". New York Herald Tribune. June 4, 1936. p. 23. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1330794602; "Site is Dedicated for World's Fair; 11 Officials, Atop Tower in Meadows, Accept Ash-Laden Tract at Ceremony". The New York Times. June 4, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  42. ^ "Commission Votes World Fair Lease; Sinking Fund Group Approves Transfer of Flushing Land to New Corporation". The New York Times. June 18, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  43. ^ "Work at Fair Site Begins Without Ceremony; 700 Job-Seekers On Hand, 500 to Be Hired". The New York Times. June 16, 1936. Archived from the original on November 23, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
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  46. ^ "Patronage Charge Made Against Fair". The Christian Science Monitor. June 11, 1937. p. 14. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514347636; "Civil Service Ban on Fair Proposed; Commission to Close Lists to Corporation Until It Gives Names of Appointees". The New York Times. June 11, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
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  67. ^ "Investment Total to Be $125,000,000; Federal, State and City Aid $35,000,000 for Buildings and Other Improvements". The New York Times. October 9, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  68. ^ "Contract Signing Marks Start Of 1939 World's Fair: Preview of the New York World's Fair of 1939". The Christian Science Monitor. October 22, 1936. p. 7. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514199372; "First Contract Let for Fair Building; Whalen Signs for Erection of Administration Structure to Cost $900,000". The New York Times. October 22, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  69. ^ a b "Goddess of Liberty Design Is Chosen for '39 Fair Seal: Like Statue, Holding Torch; Engineers Insist Site's Foundations Are Safe". New York Herald Tribune. October 31, 1936. p. 38. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1240474110; "World Fair Adopts Seal of Liberty". Times Union. October 30, 1936. p. 18. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  70. ^ "Philip Benson Named to Board of World's Fair". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 6, 1936. p. 21. Retrieved July 26, 2024; "France to Exhibit at 1939 World Fair: Her Announcement Through an Official at Dinner Here is First by Any Nation". The New York Times. November 6, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  71. ^ "Roosevelt Invites Nations to '39 Fair". Times Union. November 16, 1936. p. 1. Retrieved July 26, 2024; "Nations of World Are Bidden to Fair; President Issues Proclamation Inviting All Countries to Join 1939 Event Here". The New York Times. November 17, 1936. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  72. ^ "Sale Of World's Fair Bonds In N.Y. Under Way: 2,000, Comprising "Who's Who" Of New York's Retail, Financial, Industrial Worlds, Attend Formal Launching". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 53, no. 103. November 24, 1936. pp. 2, 31. ProQuest 1653967501; "New Yorkers Urged to Buy $27,829,500 World Fair Bonds". The Christian Science Monitor. November 24, 1936. p. 2. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514206321; "City Drive Opened for Bonds of Fair; Leaders Declare Investment Sound Financially and in Community Spirit". The New York Times. November 24, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  73. ^ "Whalen Predicts Flushing to Gain by World's Fair". Times Union. November 19, 1936. p. 8. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  74. ^ "N.Y. World Fair Named as Official Exposition in 1939: Invitations Go Abroad Building Requirements Nations Signify Plans". The Christian Science Monitor. December 5, 1936. p. 2. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514250483; "World's Fair Wins International Aid; Gets a Clear Field for 1939 From Bureau of 21 Nations, Whalen Announces". The New York Times. December 4, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  75. ^ "Lehman Invites States to Join in World's Fair". The Brooklyn Citizen. December 1, 1936. p. 3. Retrieved July 26, 2024; "All States Invited to Join 1939 Fair; Lehman Urges Exhibit by Each in Letters to Governors, Asking Their Participation". The New York Times. December 1, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  76. ^ "Heavy Demand for World's Fair Space". The Billboard. Vol. 49, no. 3. January 16, 1937. p. 3. ProQuest 1032130797.
  77. ^ "Designs Asked for Four World's Fair Buildings: Architectural Contracts Now Total $4.350.000". New York Herald Tribune. February 2, 1937. p. 19. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222255704; "4 Fair Contracts Made for Designs; Whalen Signs With Firms of Architects to Draw Plans for $1,475,000 Buildings". The New York Times. February 2, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  78. ^ "Uniforms May Come And Go—But The World's Fair Already Has Model Selected". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 54, no. 58. March 25, 1937. p. 24. ProQuest 1653733297; "World's Fair Opens in Miniature Form; Complete Model of Grounds and Building Exhibited at Empire State Corner". The New York Times. March 30, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  79. ^ "New York World Fair Site Filling and Grading Done". The Christian Science Monitor. April 15, 1937. p. 2. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514311583.
  80. ^ "3 Sycamores First Trees Set For World Fair: 30-Foot Specimens From Bird in Hand, Pa., Here in Special Motor Trucks Group of 30 Purchased 10,000 To Be Planted Before Exposition Opens". New York Herald Tribune. April 3, 1937. p. 32. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1337028922; "3 Rare Sycamores Set at Site of Fair; 40-Year-Old Trees Brought From Pennsylvania Are First of 10,000 to Be Planted". The New York Times. April 3, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  81. ^ "A. T. & T. Signs 1st Contract for Fair Exhibit Site: Gifford Gives Whalen Check for $48,790 for Parcel Fronting on Theme Plaza". New York Herald Tribune. April 27, 1937. p. 17A. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1240320660.
  82. ^ a b "World Fair Space Leased by A. T. & T.; Gifford Turns Over $48,790 Check on First Contract for an Exhibit Site". The New York Times. April 27, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  83. ^ "Notables See First Stone Laid for '39 Fair". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 28, 1937. p. 8. Retrieved July 26, 2024; "Cornerstone Laid for First Fair Unit; 1,000 Ignore Rainy Weather to Attend Ceremony Starting Administration Building". The New York Times. April 28, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  84. ^ "New York Fair Plans Auction For Concessions". The Christian Science Monitor. April 13, 1937. p. 2. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514310117; "World Fair to Let Vast Concessions; $50,000,000 Enterprises to Be Awarded to High Bidders 5,000 Seek Space". The New York Times. April 13, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  85. ^ a b c Patterson 1939, p. 87.
  86. ^ "Ships to Serve as Fair Hotels". Times Union. May 19, 1937. p. 22. Retrieved July 26, 2024; "59 Nations Likely to Aid World Fair; Whalen, Home From Abroad, Predicts an Unprecedented Foreign Participation". The New York Times. May 19, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  87. ^ "Fair Will Offer Carnival Zone Of 280 Acres: Amusement Facilities for 250,000 at One Time Planned at Queens Site". New York Herald Tribune. June 4, 1937. p. 44. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1322398659; "Fair Amusements to Cover 280 Acres: Vast Loop Will Enclose Lake and Midway Atmosphere of Past Will Be Barred". The New York Times. June 4, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  88. ^ "Parking Meld For Trailers At Fair Urged: Moses Sure No Commercial Tourist Camp Could Be Operated at a Profit". New York Herald Tribune. June 14, 1937. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1248714615; "Auto Trailer Zone at Fair is Planned; Moses Urges City to Acquire 43-Acre Tract and Start Work at Once". The New York Times. June 14, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  89. ^ "Site is Dedicated for Peace Temple; Ground Broken at the World Fair for First Building for Cultural Purpose". The New York Times. July 23, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  90. ^ a b "Office Building Opens For World's Fair Today: 600 of Administration Staff Start Work There Monday World's Fair Administration Building Ready for Occupancy on Monday". New York Herald Tribune. August 13, 1937. p. 36. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1247045732; "Structure at Fair Dedicated Today; Administration Building, First to Be Completed, to Be Scene of Noon Ceremony". The New York Times. August 13, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  91. ^ a b "Theme Center's Site Dedicated for World Fair". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 17, 1937. p. 26. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  92. ^ "'Theme Center' Site Dedicated For World Fair". New York Herald Tribune. August 17, 1937. p. 17. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1323023566; "World Fair Space is 86% 'Spoken for'; Whalen Reveals Wide Backing at Dedication of the Plaza for Theme Center". The New York Times. August 17, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
  93. ^ "Utah First to Take Space In Fair's Hall of States: Italians Among Visitors to Flushing Meadows Site". New York Herald Tribune. September 26, 1937. p. 30. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1318551425; "Utah First State to Take Fair Space; Signs Contract With Whalen--$37,500 Already Voted for Its Exhibition". The New York Times. September 26, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  94. ^ "Missouri Signs N.Y. Fair Contract". The Christian Science Monitor. September 16, 1937. p. 5. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514452994; "Whalen Returns, Hopeful of Peace; Reports Results of His Trip to Europe in Interests of World's Fair Here". The New York Times. September 14, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  95. ^ "Earle Believes Europeans Do Not Want War". New York Herald Tribune. September 14, 1937. p. 3. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222260948; "Whalen Returns, Hopeful of Peace; Reports Results of His Trip to Europe in Interests of World's Fair Here". The New York Times. September 14, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  96. ^ "World's Fair Work Listed As Month Ahead of Time: Whalen Reports Commitments Total $10,500,000". New York Herald Tribune. October 18, 1937. p. 16. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1254411243; "$10,500,000 Spent on the World Fair: Whalen Says Contracts Still to Be Let This Year Will Add $8,000,000". The New York Times. October 18, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  97. ^ "Fair Building Nucleus Rapidly Takes Shape". Daily News. November 7, 1937. p. 130. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  98. ^ a b "Acres, Acres of Men at Work". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. December 6, 1937. p. 13. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  99. ^ "Ford Reserves Plot for Exhibit at Fair; Auto Company Contracts for 298,718 Square Feet, the Most for One Concern". The New York Times. December 8, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  100. ^ "N.Y. Fair Space Taken By 60 Nations Already". The Christian Science Monitor. December 21, 1937. p. 6. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514506362; "60 Nations Accept World's Fair Bids; League Is Included in Those Signing Contracts or Asking for Space Reservations". The New York Times. December 20, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  101. ^ "World's Fair To Mass Troops Of All Nations: Whalen Says 50,000 Will Parade; Exposition Will Have Preview in' 3 Months". New York Herald Tribune. February 3, 1938. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1242864859; "World Fair Opening to Rival Coronation; Whalen Outlines Plans to Make Ceremony Here Example of Pomp and Grandeur". The New York Times. February 5, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  102. ^ "10,000 to Get Work Soon at World's Fair: 100 Buildings To Be Under Construction by End of April in Speed-Up Plan". New York Herald Tribune. February 15, 1938. p. 15. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1250603314.
  103. ^ "1st Rivet Driven In Perisphere At World's Fair: Whalen, Stettinius, Aided by Catcher and Backer-Upper, Work Machinery to Start Theme Structure". New York Herald Tribune. April 9, 1938. p. 9. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1242883982; "Fair Starts Work on Theme Center; Construction of Perisphere Begun as E. R. Stettinius Rivets First Bolt". The New York Times. April 9, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  104. ^ "64 Nations to Exhibit: Several Designs Approved A Carillon Tower". The Christian Science Monitor. April 15, 1938. p. 3. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514813608; "Four More Nations Join Worlds Fair; Eire, Venezuela, Lithuania and Sweden Sign Contracts for Exhibition Space". The New York Times. April 15, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  105. ^ "Truckmen Return Under Truce Today; Strikers Give Four Days to Settle Row, But Threaten General Tie-Up". The New York Times. September 22, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  106. ^ a b Whalen, Grover A. (January 1939). "The New York World's Fair of 1939: Fair Progress in a Nutshell". Bankers' Magazine. Vol. 138, no. 1. p. 27. ProQuest 124369078.
  107. ^ "62 Foreign Flags Flown At Site of World's Fair". The New York Times. January 1, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  108. ^ "1,000 Stores Offer Tickets for Fair; Advance Sale Extended to Retail Outlets Throughout Metropolitan Area". The New York Times. March 4, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  109. ^ a b c d Compere, Thomas (March 12, 1939). "Fair Will Pep Up Its Amusements With $1,000,000: Adopts More Liberal Policy Plans Foreign Villages". New York Herald Tribune. p. 2. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1257476186.
  110. ^ a b "$156,000,000 Show: Eleven Gates Ready to Swing at the N. Y. World's Fair: Spectacle". Newsweek. Vol. 13, no. 18. May 1, 1939. pp. 46, 49. ProQuest 1796267678.
  111. ^ "Contract Made For Television Station at Fair: Large-Scale Demonstration of New Radio Science To Be Offered for Visitors". New York Herald Tribune. June 18, 1937. p. 17. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1248130206; "Television to Be Presented at Fair". The Wall Street Journal. June 19, 1937. p. 10. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 129798234.
  112. ^ "R. C. A. to Exhibit in Fair Building; Signs Contract to Build a 'Temple of Magic' to Show Developments in Radio". The New York Times. June 18, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  113. ^ "Pictures: Newsreels to Bally N.Y.'s '39 World Fair". Variety. Vol. 127, no. 4. July 7, 1937. p. 4. ProQuest 1505646066.
  114. ^ Robertson, Bruce (May 1, 1939). "Television Motif Marks New York Fair". Broadcasting, Broadcast Advertising. Vol. 16, no. 9. pp. 20–21. ProQuest 1014928343.
  115. ^ "1939 World Fair Activities Will Include Sports". The Christian Science Monitor. September 15, 1937. p. 10. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514524168.
  116. ^ a b "Unfair at Fair?: New York Unions Are Accused of Shaking Down Exhibitors". Newsweek. Vol. 13, no. 25. June 19, 1939. pp. 21–22. ProQuest 1796831853.
  117. ^ a b "Address Opens World's Fair: 600,000 Attendance Is Disappointing Exposition Theme Hailed in Talk". Daily Boston Globe. May 1, 1939. p. 1. ProQuest 817042199.
  118. ^ "La Guardia Sees Success Assured; the Arrival of the President and Other Notables for the Opening of the New York World's Fair". The New York Times. May 1, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 21, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  119. ^ "Washington Gave Slogan for Fair; Inaugural Speech in 1789 Spoke of 'Pursuit of Public Good,' Chosen as Theme". The New York Times. October 9, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  120. ^ "New York World's Fair 1939". LOC's Public Domain Archive. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
  121. ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot, "History of United States Naval Operations in World War II – Volume III: The Rising Sun in the Pacific 1931 – April 1942", Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1948, 1988, page 38.
  122. ^ Barnouw, E. (1990). Tube of plenty: The evolution of American television (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press
  123. ^ "Play Area's Gala Opening Put Off For Two Weeks: Whalen Decides on Second Try After Tour Reveals It Still Far From Complete". New York Herald Tribune. May 1, 1939. p. 14. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1247103281.
  124. ^ a b Schoenfeld, Joe (April 26, 1939). "Outdoors: Analysis of the Midway Slows That Phase of N. Y. Fair Furthest Behind". Variety. Vol. 134, no. 7. p. 47. ProQuest 1505713328.
  125. ^ Porter, Russell B. (May 4, 1939). "Poland's Pavilion at the Fair Dedicated by Count Potocki". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  126. ^ "Fair to Admit School Pupils Of City Free". New York Herald Tribune. April 25, 1939. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1255498158.
  127. ^ Porter, Russell B. (June 29, 1939). "Jersey Dedicates Fair Exhibit Recalling Revolution Role". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  128. ^ "Show Men to Press Fight for Price Cut; Ask 50-Cent Fee for Admission After 9 P.M.--Meet Today". The New York Times. May 9, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  129. ^ Porter, Russell B. (May 18, 1939). "Russian Envoy Open Nation's Pavilion at Fair as a 'Good Neighbor' of U.S." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  130. ^ "Fair Is Seeking To Cut Costs to Mollify Nevada: New Construction Bids Will Be Asked; Connecticut Joins Protest on Strikes". New York Herald Tribune. May 24, 1939. p. 16. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1263426317.
  131. ^ "Nevada Drops Out of Fair Over Union Trouble: Official Says Electricians Demanded Rewiring Here of Work Done in West". New York Herald Tribune. June 9, 1939. p. 15. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1247101731; "Nevada Cancels Exhibit; High Cost Is the Reason". The New York Times. June 6, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  132. ^ "World's Fair Announces '5 and 10 Cent Days' for Children, Beginning Tomorrow". New York Herald Tribune. June 20, 1939. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1247836545.
  133. ^ "Fair Offers $1 Bargain Ticket, Worth $2.25". New York Herald Tribune. July 18, 1939. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1252147099; Adams, Frank S. (July 18, 1939). "$1 Bargain Ticket is Offered by Fair; Has $2.25 Week-End Value in Gate Fee, Food, Concessions --Plan on Trial This Week". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
  134. ^ "World's Fair to Decide Monday on Cutting Admission Price to 50 Cents: Slash Favored By Concessions And Exhibitors Attendance, Despite Bargain Tickets, Is Disappointing; Maryland Has Its Day". New York Herald Tribune. July 29, 1939. p. 5. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1324019681; Porter, Russell B. (July 29, 1939). "Action Expected Monday on Cut in Fair's Rates". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
  135. ^ "Whalen Reports Satisfaction at Result of Plan". New York Herald Tribune. July 25, 1939. p. 7. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1321995346; Adams, Frank S. (July 25, 1939). "Utah at Fair Hails Mormon Pioneers; Observing Utah's Day at the World's Fair". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  136. ^ "World's Fair Crowds Reflect War Influence by Flocking to Foreign Ceremonies: First Exhibitor Renews Space For Next Year". New York Herald Tribune. September 11, 1939. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1324138965; Shalett, Sidney M. (September 11, 1939). "1940 Fair Receives Its First Renewal From Trade Area; Delighted by Increased Sales, Carrier Corporation Plans to Expand Its Display". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
  137. ^ "Rhodesia Shuts Fair Exhibit as Result of War: France Curtails Operation of Her Pavilion 3 Hours Daily in Economy Move". New York Herald Tribune. September 12, 1939. p. 19. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1325006175; Shalett, Sidney M. (September 12, 1939). "Southern Rhodesia Quits World's Fair; Pavilion Is Closed on Orders From Government as the First 'War Casualty'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  138. ^ "Rumania's Call To Arms Closes Fair Restaurant: Romania House Suspends as 34 of Staff Go Back; Pavilion Remains Open". New York Herald Tribune. August 31, 1939. p. 6. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1247122951; Bracker, Milton (August 31, 1939). "War Crisis Closes Fair Restaurant; 38 Employes Are Recalled by Rumania in Fear They Would Be Stranded". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  139. ^ "World's Fair Cuts Rentals for State Exhibits by Half for 1940". New York Herald Tribune. October 10, 1939. p. 17. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1254042233; Shalett, Sidney M. (October 10, 1939). "Fair Rent Cut 50% for States in 1940; Exhibitors' Association Wins Demand--Move Is Held a Sign of Other Slashes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  140. ^ "Fair Closes, 79,482 in Rain Say Au Revoir: Last Hardy Sightseers and Bargain Hunters TurnOut at Quiet Finale". New York Herald Tribune. November 1, 1939. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1267842853; Shalett, Sidney M. (November 1, 1939). "1939 Fair Closes; Seen by 26,000,000; Plans Laid for '40; Last Day is Quiet". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  141. ^ "15 Big Exhibitors Sign for 1940 Fair; the World's Fair Gets Off to a Flying Start for the 1940 Season". The New York Times. November 14, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  142. ^ "World's Fair to Charge 50 Cents When It Reopens for '40 Season". New York Herald Tribune. November 2, 1939. p. 21. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1319988416; Shalett, Sidney M. (November 2, 1939). "50-cent Fair Rate is Fixed for 1940; Brazil to Return; Gibson Formally Announces Plan After a Conference With Concessionnaires". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  143. ^ a b "Fair Will Have 45 Exhibitors In Foreign Area: League and Pan American Union Included Europe Is Sending War Displays". New York Herald Tribune. May 2, 1940. p. 20. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1264087284.
  144. ^ "Finland Renews Fair Contract, First Nation to Sign Up for '40". New York Herald Tribune. January 31, 1940. p. 1A. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243020377; "Finland Joins the Fair, First From Abroad; Dec. 19 Agreement Withheld Because of War". The New York Times. January 31, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  145. ^ "West Virginia Renews Lease on Fair Pavilion: Enlargement to Care for 12 Additional Exhibits". New York Herald Tribune. January 24, 1940. p. 21. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1242942722; "West Virginia Signs 1940 Fair Contract; First State to Take Advantage of 50 Per Cent Rent Cut". The New York Times. January 24, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  146. ^ Shalett, Sidney M. (October 22, 1939). "Fair Loses Sweden as 1940 Exhibitor; Precarious Position in War Forces Withdrawal--League of Nations to Return". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  147. ^ "Russia Quits Fair, Costly Pavilion To Be Razed, Moved to Moscow". New York Herald Tribune. December 2, 1939. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1326773085; "Russia Quits Fair; Finns to Stay; Reds to Raze $4,000,000 Pavilion; Moscow Orders Withdrawal Without Giving Explanation--Building Must Be Down in 90 Days--No Comment by Fair". The New York Times. December 2, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  148. ^ "Finns' Pavilion Opened at Fair, War the Theme: Procope and Hoover Decry Conflict at Ceremonies; Attendance at New Low". New York Herald Tribune. May 17, 1940. p. 14. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1247155659; Shalett, Sidney M. (May 17, 1940). "Finland Dedicates Her Fair Pavilion; Hoover Says Nation's Ordeal of Blood Has Earned It Full Right to Freedom in Peace". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  149. ^ "31 Nations Accept World's Fair Bid". The Christian Science Monitor. February 25, 1940. p. 1. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 515525230.
  150. ^ "Turkey Not to Take Part in Fair This Year; Argentina and Chile Also Are Withdrawing". The New York Times. February 16, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  151. ^ "'Great White Way' New Fair Feature; Center of Fun in Amusement Zone to Be Brighter, More Colorful, Gibson Says". The New York Times. March 9, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  152. ^ a b "Flanigan Says Exhibits at Fair Will Surpass '39: Announces New Attractions and Improvements Upon Displays and Buildings". New York Herald Tribune. March 9, 1940. p. 13A. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1335119347.
  153. ^ a b "Fair Amusement Zone Sold Out, 90 Concessions on Its New List: Director Reports All Space Taken; Area Will Offer 3 Major Shows, 18 Smaller Ones and 15 Rides Among Other Attractions". New York Herald Tribune. April 29, 1940. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1266874326; "Play Zone at Fair is '100% Sold Out'; Revitalized Great White Way Offers Livelier and Gayer Section Than Last Year". The New York Times. April 29, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
  154. ^ "Boy Scouts to Aid at the Fair Again; Will Maintain Own Service Camp on Two-Acre Plot at the Exposition". The New York Times. March 13, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  155. ^ "Rush to the Fair Taxes All City's Traffic Systems: Subways and L. I. Road Tag 5,175 Through in 1st 10 Minutes Parking Lots Busy Snip and the World's Fair of 40 Is Officially Open". New York Herald Tribune. May 12, 1940. p. 31. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1242959008; Porter, Russell B. (May 12, 1940). "'40 Fair Gets Off to Lively Start; 191,196 on Hand; The World's Fair of 1940 Opens, Dedicated to Peace and Freedom". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  156. ^ Porter, Russell B. (May 12, 1940). "'40 Fair Gets Off to Lively Start; 191,196 on Hand; The World's Fair of 1940 Opens, Dedicated to Peace and Freedom". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  157. ^ "Auto Is Offered As Daily Prize To Fair Visitors: N. Y. Hotels and Business Organizations Sponsors of 'Golden Key' Contest". New York Herald Tribune. April 27, 1940. p. 9A. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1320021240; "Fair to Give Away 170 Cars, One Daily; Biggest Crowd-Luring Device So Far to Use Millions of Keys as Prize 'Tickets'". The New York Times. April 27, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  158. ^ "Venezuela, Cuba Lost to 1940 Fair; Caracas Government Reverses Decision to Stay--Pavilion May Be Shipped Home". The New York Times. May 4, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  159. ^ Shalett, Sidney M. (June 4, 1940). "Belgium Reopens Her Fair Pavilion; Government in Exile Cables Order to Maintain Display-- Leopold's Bust Still Up". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  160. ^ "Police Die in Blast – Timed Device Explodes After It Is Taken Out of Pavilion". The New York Times. July 5, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  161. ^ Wortman, Marc (July 16, 2017). "Did Brits Kill New York City Cops to Get U.S. Into WWII?". The Daily Beast – via www.thedailybeast.com.
  162. ^ "World's Fair Debenture Holders Agree to Waive Payments Under New Fiscal Plan". New York Herald Tribune. August 30, 1939. p. 11. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1319968323; "Bondholders Back Fair's Fiscal Plan; 54% Waive Rights to Profits, and Proposal Goes Into Effect Immediately". The New York Times. August 30, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
  163. ^ "Mall at the Fair to Remain in Park; Esplanade From Theme Center to the Court of Peace Will Not Be Demolished". The New York Times. October 4, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  164. ^ Taylor, Alan (November 1, 2013). "The 1939 New York World's Fair". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  165. ^ "British Fleet Aid On Way: , 580,721 Bid the Fair Good By In Record Day of Its 2-Year Run". New York Herald Tribune. October 28, 1940. p. 1A. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1320064105; Shalett, Sidney M. (October 28, 1940). "Rush as Fair Ends Brings Out 537,952, Its Biggest Crowd; Farewell to the Fair: Closing Scenes at the End of a Two-Year Run". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
  166. ^ Monaghan 1939, pp. 46–47.
  167. ^ "Fair Adopts Names of Noted Streets; Broadway and Petticoat Lane Among Those Representative of Old New York". The New York Times. June 21, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
  168. ^ "Mile-long Mall Feature of Fair; $60,000,000 Central Walk in Flushing to Pass Lagoons, Statuary and Flower Beds". The New York Times. December 12, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
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  170. ^ "500 Large Trees Due This Spring On Site of Fair: Corporation Opens Bids for Moving, Replanting Job to Cost $100,000 55-Foot Elms on List Specimens Within 100 Miles Are Catalogued for Site". New York Herald Tribune. February 25, 1937. p. 12. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222252601; "10,000 Live Trees Sought for Fair; Vast Forest to Be Transported to Barren Flushing Site Within Next 2 Years". The New York Times. February 25, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
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Sources

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Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1939 New York World's Fair.
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